CSS
CSS Introduction
It is time to take your web
designing skills to the next level with Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS). They are a way to control the look and feel of your HTML documents in an
organized and efficient manner. With CSS you will be able to:
- Add new looks to your old HTML
- Completely restyle a web site with only a few changes to your CSS code
- Use the "style" you create on any webpage you wish!
A stylesheet can, and should be,
completely separate from your HTML documents. When you have mastered CSS and
HTML, you will be able to separate your web site's design and formatting (CSS)
from the content (HTML).
Intended Audience
Before you begin the CSS Tutorial we
suggest that you check to see you meet the following recommendations:
- You have used HTML in the past
- You know the basic HTML tags and vocabulary.
- You want to be a better web designer!
If you said no to one of the above,
we recommend that you check out our HTML Tutorial
before taking on CSS.
When you are ready, continue the
tutorial to learn about the basic form of CSS and where you should place your
CSS code.
CSS Selector
CSS selectors are the heart and soul of CSS. They define which HTML elements you are going to be manipulating with CSS code and you should have a solid understanding of them when you are finished with this tutorial. Luckily for you, they are pretty simple to comprehend!
CSS Selector: Where It Fits In
In a typical CSS statement you have
the following:
- SELECTOR { PROPERTY: VALUE }
"Property" is the CSS
element you wish to manipulate and "VALUE" represents the value of
the specified property.
CSS Selector Name
The selector name creates a direct
relationship with the HTML tag you want to edit. If you wanted to change the
way a paragraph tag behaved, the CSS code would look like:
- p { PROPERTY: VALUE }
The above example is a template that
you can use whenever you are manipulating the paragraph HTML element. In the
next lessons, we will not only teach where to place your CSS, but why and where
you should use CSS as well.
Internal CSS
Cascading Style Sheets come in three flavors: internal, external, and inline. We will cover internal and external, as they are the only flavors a designer should utilize. In this lesson, we cover the basics of the easier type, internal. When using internal CSS, you must add a new tag, <style>, inside the <head> tag. The HTML code below contains an example of <style>'s usage.CSS Code:
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Your page's content!</p>
</body>
</html>This doesn't actually do anything visually. The code style tag just tells the browser that we will be defining some CSS to be used on this page.
Creating Internal CSS Code
CSS code is not written the same way as HTML code is. This makes sense because CSS is not HTML, but rather a way of manipulating existing HTML. Below is an example of some simple, yet fully functional, CSS code.CSS Code:
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p {color: white; }
body {background-color: black; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>White text on a black background!</p>
</body>
</html>
Display:
White text on a black background!
You probably noticed that in our CSS code we were altering the <body>
and <p> HTML tags. The great thing about CSS is that it is an intuitive
language. Once you understand the general format for CSS code, you are pretty
much set.General CSS Format:
- "HTML tag" { "CSS Property" : "Value" ; }
- We chose the HTML element we wanted to manipulate. - p{ : ; }
- Then we chose the CSS attribute color. - p { color: ; }
- Next we choose the font color to be white. - p { color: white; }
- We choose the HTML element Body - body { : ; }
- Then we chose the CSS attribute. - body { background-color: ; }
- Next we chose the background color to be black. - body { background-color: black; }
Internal CSS Gotta Knows
- Place your CSS Code between <style> and </style>
- Be sure you know the correct format(syntax) of CSS code.
- CSS will literally save you hours of time... after you spend a few getting the hang of it.
External CSS
When using CSS it is preferable to keep the CSS separate from your HTML. Placing CSS in a separate file allows the web designer to completely differentiate between content (HTML) and design (CSS). External CSS is a file that contains only CSS code and is saved with a ".css" file extension. This CSS file is then referenced in your HTML using the <link> instead of <style>. If you're confused, don't worry. We are going to walk you through the whole process.File Creation
Let us get started by making that external CSS file. Open up notepad.exe, or any other plain text editor and type the following CSS code.CSS Code:
body{ background-color: gray;}
p { color: blue; }
h3{ color: white; }Now save the file as a CSS (.css) file. Make sure that you are not saving it as a text (.txt) file, as notepad likes to do by default. Name the file "test.css" (without the quotes). Now create a new HTML file and fill it with the following code.
HTML Code:
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="test.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h3> A White Header </h3>
<p> This paragraph has a blue font.
The background color of this page is gray because
we changed it with CSS! </p>
</body>
</html>Then save this file as "index.html" (without the quotes) in the same directory as your CSS file. Now open your HTML file in your web browser and it should look something like this..
Display:
A White Header
This paragraph has a blue font. The background color of
this page is gray because we changed it with CSS!
Congratulations! You just made your first website that uses External CSS!
Now, let us move on to the fun stuff.Why Use External CSS?
- It keeps your website design and content separate.
- It's much easier to reuse your CSS code if you have it in a separate file. Instead of typing the same CSS code on every web page you have, simply have many pages refer to a single CSS file with the "link" tag.
- You can make drastic changes to your web pages with just a few changes in a single CSS file.
CSS Inline
Thus far, we have only shown you how to use CSS the way it was meant to be used -- separated from the HTML. However, it is possible to place CSS right in the thick of your HTML code, and this method of CSS usage is referred to as inline css.Inline CSS has the highest priority out of the three ways you can use CSS: external, internal, and inline. This means that you can override styles that are defined in external or internal by using inline CSS. However, inline CSS detracts from the true purpose of CSS, to separate design from content, so please use it sparingly.
CSS Inline - An HTML Attribute
Believe it or not, CSS is built in to every HTML tag. If you want to add a style inside an HTML element all you have to do is specify the desired CSS properties with the style HTML attribute. Let's add some style to a paragraph tag.CSS Code:
<p style="background: blue; color: white;">A new background and
font color with inline CSS</p>
Display:
A new background and font
color with inline CSS
If you have read through the beginning of this CSS tutorial, you probably
have a good idea of what is going on. Below is the general form for setting
inline CSS in any HTML element.Pseudo Code:
<htmltag style="cssproperty1: value; cssproperty2: value;"> </htmltag>The normal rules of CSS apply inside the style attribute. Each CSS statement must be separated with a semicolon ";" and colons appear between the CSS property and its value.
Common Inline CSS Mistakes
When using CSS inline you must be sure not to use quotations within your inline CSS. If you use quotations the browser will interpret this as the end of your style value. Instead, copy our form as we have displayed below.CSS Code:
<p style="background: url("yellow_rock.gif");">
This is broken</p>
<p style="background: url(yellow_rock.gif);"> This is workin'</p>
Display:
This is brokenThis is workin'
CSS Classes
You may be wondering if it is possible to give an HTML element multiple looks with CSS. Say for example that sometimes you want the font to be large and white, while other times you would prefer the font to be small and black. CSS would not be very useful if it did not allow you to have many different types of formats for a single HTML tag. Well, you are in luck! CSS allows you to do just that with the use of classes.The Format of Classes
Using classes is simple. You just need to add an extension to the typical CSS code and make sure you specify this extension in your HTML. Let's try this with an example of making two paragraphs that behave differently. First, we begin with the CSS code, note the red text.CSS Code:
p.first{ color: blue; }
p.second{ color: red; }
HTML Code:
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a normal paragraph.</p>
<p class="first">This is a paragraph that uses the p.first CSS code!</p>
<p class="second">This is a paragraph that uses the p.second CSS code!</p>
...
Display:
This is a normal paragraph.
This is a paragraph that uses the p.first CSS code!
This is a paragraph that uses the p.second CSS code!
You can use CSS classes with any HTML element! However, what happens if we
had already defined a value for the default <p> tag, would this cause any
problems for classes of the paragraph tag?Well, when this happens the CSS class for any <p> tag will override the default <p> CSS. If the CSS class uses a CSS attribute already defined by the default CSS, then the formatting defined by the class will be the value that is used.
It may be easier to imagine that the CSS for a generic HTML element is the starting point and the only way to change that look is to overwrite the attributes using CSS classes. Please see the example below for a visual of this tricky topic.
CSS Code:
p{ color: red; font-size: 20px; }
p.test1{ color: blue; }
p.test2{ font-size: 12px; }
HTML Code:
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a normal paragraph.</p>
<p class="test1">This is a paragraph that uses the p.test1 CSS code!</p>
<p class="test2">This is a paragraph that uses the p.test2 CSS code!</p>
...
Display:
This is a normal paragraph.
This is a paragraph that uses the p.test1 CSS code! The
p.test1 paragraph remained the same size, but its color changed.
This is a paragraph that uses the p.test2 CSS code! The
p.test2 paragraph remained the same color, but its size changed.
Remember, CSS code in classes will override the general CSS code for
that element. p.test1 overrides p!Try it out!
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.first { background-color: gray; }
p.second { background-color: red; }
p.third {
background:
purple;
color:
white;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>CSS Classes</h2>
<p
class="first">This is the p.first paragraph</p>
<p
class="second">This is the p.second paragraph</p>
<p
class="third">This is the p.third paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS Background
The background of your website is very important, so please spend some time with this tutorial. If you are aiming for a professional website, a good rule of thumb is to use a light background with dark text. However, if you're just making a website for pleasure, then any kind of color combination is acceptable.With CSS, you are able to set the background color or image of any CSS element. In addition, you have control over how the background image is displayed. You may choose to have it repeat horizontally, vertically, or in neither direction. You may also choose to have the background remain in a fixed position, or have it scroll as it does normally. The following examples will show you how to implement all of these options.
CSS Background Color
As you have seen throughout Tizag Tutorials, many different background colors are present. These varying backgrounds were obtained without using tables! Below are a couple examples of CSS backgrounds.CSS Code:
h4 { background-color: white; }
p { background-color: #1078E1; }
ul { background-color: rgb( 149, 206, 145); }
Display:
This is a <h4> with a white background
This is a <p> with a background using the hexadecimal value
of #1078E1
- This is an unordered list
- with an RGB value of 149, 206, 145
CSS Background Image
Need an image to repeat left-to-right, like the gradient background that appears at the top of Tizag.com? Or maybe you would like to have an image that remains fixed when the user scrolls down your page. This can be done quite easily with CSS and more, including:- choosing if a background will repeat and which directions to repeat in.
- precision positioning
- scrolling/static images
CSS Code:
p { background-image: url(smallPic.jpg); }
h4{ background-image: url(http://www.tizag.com/pics/cssT/smallPic.jpg); }
Display:
This <p> has a background image using a relative path to
the picture.
This <h4> has a background image using the complete url path.
Background Image Repeat
You can have a background image repeat vertically (y-axis), horizontally (x-axis), in both directions, or in neither direction.CSS Code:
p {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat; }
h4 {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-y;}
ol {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-x;}
ul {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;}
Display:
This <p> has a background image repeating in both
directions (default repeat). If you use this option, make sure that your image
was designed to be repeated.
This <h4> has a background image repeating vertically (y). You could this to add a style to the side of your element.
- This is an ordered list
- With a background that repeats
- Horizontally (x)
- This is an unordered list
- With a background that repeats
- in neither direction.
CSS Fixed Background Image
You may choose to have your background scroll naturally, or to have it in a fixed position. The default value is fixed, so you only need to worry about this if you would like your body's background to scroll. Note: This should only be used with backgrounds fixed to the <body>.CSS Code:
body.noScroll {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-attachment: fixed;
}
body{
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-attachment: scroll;}
CSS Background Image Positioning
If you would like to define where exactly an image appears within an HTML element, you may use CSS's background-position. Please take note that there are three different ways of defining position: length, percentages, and keywords. We recommending using lengths -- specifically, pixels.CSS Code:
p {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-position: 20px 10px;
}
h4 {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-position: 30% 30%;
}
ol {
background-image: url(smallPic.jpg);
background-position: top center;
}
Display:
This <p> has a background image positioned with
pixel values.
This <h4> has a background image positioned with percentages.
- This is an ordered list
- With a background that was positioned
- using keywords.
CSS Gradient Background
If you would like to create a gradient background like the one that appears at the top of Tizag.com, you must first create an image inside a painting program (Photoshop, Draw, etc) like the one you see below.Necessary Image:
Using the repeat attribute, we set the value to repeat-x which causes the image to span left to right across the specified element. This example adds a gradient background to the paragraph element.
CSS Code:
p {
background-image: url(http://www.example.com/gradient.gif);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}
Display:
This paragraph has a gradient background. The gradient
background was first made in a painting program and then repeated horizontally
across the paragraph element. It makes for a neat effect that also loads
quickly! Because the image is very skinny, the file size is also very small.
You could also create a gradient that changes color left to right and repeat it
in the vertical direction to have a gradient on the side of your web page.
CSS Font
CSS gives you great control over the way your text is displayed. You can change the text size, color, style, and more. You probably already knew how to make text bold or underlined, but did you know you could resize your font using percentages? Let us begin the lesson with an easy and important font attribute, color!CSS Font Color
Although the color of the text seems like it would be part of CSS Font, it actually is a standalone attribute in CSS. This could be for many reasons, including the fact that it will be used a great deal, so why make the coder type out "font-color", when they could just type out "color" instead? Here's an example of changing the color of your font.CSS Code:
h4 { color: red; }
h5 { color: #9000A1; }
h6 { color: rgb(0, 220, 98); }
Display:
This is a red h4 header.
This is a hexadecimal #9000A1 h5 header.
This is an rgb(0, 220, 98) h6 header.
In the above example we used three different formats for defining a color: a color name, hexadecimal values, and RGB. Check out the list of supported color names. Hexadecimal form is a pound sign (#) followed by at most 6 hex values (0-F). RGB defines the individual values for Red, Green, and Blue.Example form: rgb(Red, Green, Blue); with the range of 0-255 for each value.
CSS Font Family
Font families can be divided into two groups: serif and sans-serif. A sans-serif font does not include the small lines at the end of characters, while a serif font does include these small lines. When choosing which kind you prefer, remember that studies have shown that sans-serif fonts are much easier to read on a computer monitor than serif fonts.CSS Code:
h4 { font-family: sans-serif; }
h5 { font-family: serif; }
h6 { font-family: arial; }
Display:
This is a header with sans-serif font
This is a header with a serif font
This is a header with an arial font
As you probably noticed throughout Tizag.com, we do not use serif fonts, except in special cases, like for the titles of the Code and Display boxes.CSS Font Size
You can manipulate the size of your fonts by using values, percentages, or key terms. Using values are useful if you do not want the user to be able to increase the size of the font because your site will look incorrect if they did so. Percentages are great when you want to change the default font, but do not want to set a static value. Note: Some browsers now have a "Zoom" feature, so it will allow users to make your website bigger or smaller and static values will grow larger/smaller as well.CSS Code:
p { font-size: 120%; }
ol{ font-size: 10px; }
ul{ font-size: x-large; }
Display:
This is a font size of 120%
- This is a font size of 10px
- This is a font size of "x-large"
CSS Font Style
CSS Font-Style is where you define if your font will be italic or not. Possible key terms are the following: italic, oblique, and normal.CSS Code:
p { font-style: italic; }
h4{ font-style: oblique; }
Display:
This is an italic font
This is an oblique font
CSS Font Weight
If you want to control the weight of your font (its thickness), using font weight is the best way to go about it. We suggest that you only use font-weight in multiples of 100 (e.g. 200, 300, etc) because any less and you probably will not see any difference. The values range from 100 (thin)-900 (thick).CSS Code:
p { font-weight: 100; }
ul{ font-weight: bolder; }
Display:
This is a font with a weight of 100
- This is a font with
- a "bolder" weight
CSS Font Variant
CSS Font Variant allows you to convert your font to all small caps. Note: not every font supports CSS Font Variant, so be sure to test before you publish.CSS Code:
p { font-variant: small-caps; }
Display:
This text was written normally and converted to small-caps
CSS Text
While CSS Font covers most of the traditional ways to format your text, CSS Text allows you to control the spacing, decoration, and alignment of your text.Text Decoration
Have you ever wondered how a website removed the underline that usually accompanies a link's text? This is done by removing text-decoration from the link. To learn how to create these types of links, please check out our CSS Links tutorial. Besides the utility with links, text-decoration allows you to add horizontal lines above, below, or through your text.CSS Code:
h4{ text-decoration: line-through; }
h5{ text-decoration: overline; }
h6{ text-decoration: underline; }
a { text-decoration: none; }
Display:
This header has a line through the middle
This header has an overline
This header has an underline
Text Indent
CSS text-indent is a great way to indent your paragraphs without having to use preformatted HTML tags, (<pre>), or inserting spaces manually ( ). You may define your indentation with exact values or percentages. We recommend using exact values.CSS Code:
p { text-indent: 20px; }
h5 { text-indent: 30%; }
Display:
This is a paragraph that uses a text indentation with the
value of 20px. This is the recommended usage of text indentation.
This is a header that uses a text indentation of 30%. Tizag does not recommend indenting your text with percentages.
Text Align
By default, text on your website is aligned to the left, like most literature and other forms of media you read. However, sometimes you may require a different alignment and it can be specified using the text-align attribute.CSS Code:
p { text-align: right; }
h5{ text-align: justify; }
Display:
This paragraph is aligned to the right side of the HTML element.
If you ever find a use for using right justify, please let us know. Just
kidding, we don't really want to know.
This header is justified. We recommend that you either align your text to the left, which is the default setting, or justify your text. But feel free to experiment with all the available alignment options that are at your disposal.
Text Transform
Text-transform is a quick way to modify the capitalization of your text.CSS Code:
p { text-transform: capitalize; }
h5{ text-transform: uppercase; }
h6{ text-transform: lowercase; }
Display:
Hi, I am happy to see you.
Hi, I am happy to see you.
Hi, I am happy to see you.
Note: All the above sentences originally were, "Hi, I am happy to see you." With the use of the text-transform CSS attribute we were able to modify the capitalization.CSS White Space
The white-space attribute allows you to prevent text from wrapping until you place a break <br /> into your text.CSS Code:
p { white-space: nowrap; }
Display:
This paragraph will not wrap until I tell it to with a break
tag. As you can see, it makes the page look
quite ugly.
In the above paragraph the page break occurred after "... page
look", which caused the text to resume on the following line.quite ugly.
Note: We set a CSS overflow property, above, so that the example could be shown more readily.
CSS Word Spacing
With the CSS attribute word-spacing you are able to specify the exact value of the spacing between your words. Word-spacing should be defined with exact values.CSS Code:
p { word-spacing: 10px; }
Display:
This paragraph has a word-spacing value of 10px.
CSS Letter Spacing
With the CSS attribute letter-spacing you are able to specify the exact value of the spacing between your letters. Letter-spacing should be defined with exact values.CSS Code:
p { letter-spacing: 3px; }
Display:
This is a paragraph with letter-spacing of 3px.
CSS Padding
With CSS Padding you will be able to change the default padding that appears inside various HTML elements (paragraphs, tables, etc). But first, let us make sure we understand the definition of padding. A padding is the space between an element's border and the content within it.Please see the example below for a visual representation. Note: The border has been made visible, for each element, so you may more readily see the effects of padding.
CSS Code:
p {padding: 15px; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{padding: 0px; border: 1px solid red;}
Display:
This is a paragraph that has a padding of 15 pixels on every
side: top, right, bottom, and left.
This header has no padding, which places the text right against the border!
There are several ways to go about defining the CSS Padding attribute. We will show you every possible way and let you know which ways are the best.CSS Padding: 1 Value
As you saw in the example above, padding can be uniform inside an element. Specifying one value will create a uniform padding on all sides: top, right, bottom, left. In addition to using exact values, you may also define the padding with the use of percentages.CSS Code:
p {padding: 2%; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{padding: 0px; border: 1px solid red;}
Display:
This is a paragraph that has a padding of 2% on every side:
left, top, right, and bottom.
This header has no padding. It is only spaced away from the paragraph because the paragraph has a padding of 5 pixels!
CSS Padding: padding-(direction):
Each HTML element actually has 4 different paddings: top, right, bottom, and left. It is possible to define these individual paddings simply by adding a direction suffix to the padding attribute. Example form: padding-(direction). Defining only one direction will leave the other 3 default paddings untouched.CSS Code:
p { padding-left: 5px; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{
padding-top: 0px;
padding-right: 2px;
padding-bottom: 13px;
padding-left: 21px;
border: 1px solid red;
}
Display:
This paragraph had one padding specified(left), using
directional declaration.
This header had each padding specified separately, using directional declaration.
CSS Padding: 2 & 4 Values
Four padding values can be declared at once by either specifying two or four values. When only using two values, the first will define the padding on the top and bottom, while the second will define the padding on the left and right.When using the four value padding specification, the corresponding directions are: top, right, bottom, left. To help you remember what the order is, just remember that it starts at the top and then moves clockwise until it reaches the left. The examples below shows partial (2) and complete (4) padding usage.
CSS Code:
p {
padding: 5px 15px;
border: 1px solid black;
}
h5{
padding: 0px 5px 10px 3px;
border: 1px solid red;
}
Display:
This paragraph has a top and bottom padding of 5 pixels
and a right and left padding of 15 pixels.
This header has a top padding of 0 pixels, a right padding of 5 pixels, a bottom padding of 10 pixels, and a left padding of 3 pixels.
CSS Margin
CSS Margins are nearly identical to the CSS Padding attribute except for one important difference: a margin defines the white space around an HTML element's border, while padding refers to the white space within the border. Setting the actual value of margin is just the same as with padding, so you can probably zip right through this lesson.Please see the example below for a visual representation. Note: A border has been added to each element so that you may see the effects of the margin attribute.
CSS Code:
p {margin: 5px; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{margin: 0px; border: 1px solid red;}
Display:
This is a paragraph that has a margin of 5 pixels on every
side: top, right, bottom, and left.
This header has no margin. It is only spaced away from the paragraph because the paragraph has a margin of 5 pixels!
There are several ways to go about defining the CSS Margin attribute. We will show you every possible way and let you know which methods are the best.CSS Margin: 1 Value
As you saw in the example above, margin can be uniform outside an element. Specifying one value will create a uniform margin on all sides: top, right, bottom, left. In addition to using exact values, you may also define the margin with the use of percentages.CSS Code:
p {margin: 2%; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{margin: 0px; border: 1px solid red;}
Display:
This is a paragraph that has a margin of 2% on every side:
top, right, bottom, and left.
This header has a margin of 0 pixels.
CSS Margin: margin-(direction):
Each HTML element actually has four different margins: top, right, bottom, and left. It is possible to define these individual margins simply by adding a direction suffix to the margin attribute. Example form: margin-(direction). Defining only one direction will leave the other 3 margins untouched.CSS Code:
p { margin-left: 5px; border: 1px solid black; }
h5{ margin-top: 0px;
margin-right: 2px;
margin-bottom: 13px;
margin-left: 21px;
border: 1px solid red; }
Display:
This paragraph had one margin specified (left), using
directional declaration. Note that there is still a margin below and above this
paragraph. This is because our CSS only replaced one of the four
margins, which didn't effect the top and bottom margins.
This header had each margin specified separately, using directional declaration.
CSS Margin: 4 Values
Four margin values can be declared at once by either specifying two or four values. When only using two values, the first will define the margin on the top and bottom, while the second value will define the margin on the left and right.When using the four value margin specification, the corresponding directions are: top, right, bottom, left. To help you remember what the order is, just remember that it starts at the top and then moves clockwise until it reaches the left. The examples below show partial (2) and complete (4) margin usage.
CSS Code:
p {margin: 5px 15px;
border: 1px solid black; }
h5{margin: 0px 5px 10px 3px;
border: 1px solid red;}
Display:
This paragraph has a top and bottom margin of 5 pixels and
a right and left margin of 15 pixels.
This header has a top margin of 0 pixels, a right margin of 5 pixels, a bottom margin of 10 pixels, and a left margin of 3 pixels.
CSS Border
CSS Border, our personal favorite CSS attribute, allow you to completely customize the borders that appear around HTML elements. With HTML, it used to be impossible to place a border around an element, except for the table. CSS Borders let you create crisp, customized border styles with very little work, compared to the antiquated methods of HTML.Border Style Types
There are numerous types of border styles at your disposal. We recommend that you experiment with many color/border-style combinations to get an idea of all the different looks you can create. Note: We have used CSS Classes below, so check out the CSS Classes lesson if you do not understand.CSS Code:
p.solid {border-style: solid; }
p.double {border-style: double; }
p.groove {border-style: groove; }
p.dotted {border-style: dotted; }
p.dashed {border-style: dashed; }
p.inset {border-style: inset; }
p.outset {border-style: outset; }
p.ridge {border-style: ridge; }
p.hidden {border-style: hidden; }
Display:
This is a solid border
This is a double border
This is a grooved border
This is a dotted border
This is a dashed border
This is an inset border
This is an outset border
This is a ridged border
This is a hidden border
This is probably obvious, but the default border-style setting for an
element is hidden.Border Width
To alter the thickness of your border use the border-width attribute. You may use key terms or exact values to define the border width. Note: You must define a border-style for the border to show up. Available terms: thin, medium, thick.CSS Code:
table { border-width: 7px;
border-style: outset; }
td { border-width: medium;
border-style: outset; }
p { border-width: thick;
border-style: solid; }
Display:
This table has an outset border
|
with a width of 7 pixels.
|
Each cell has an outset border
|
with a "medium" width.
|
This paragraph has a solid border with a "thick"
width.
Border Color
Now for the creative aspect of CSS Borders! With the use of the border-color attribute, you will be able to create customized borders to fit the flow and layout of your website. Border colors can be any color defined by RGB, hexadecimal, or key terms. Below is an example of each of these types.CSS Code:
table { border-color: rgb( 100, 100, 255);
border-style: dashed; }
td { border-color: #FFBD32;
border-style: ridge; }
p { border-color: blue;
border-style: solid; }
Display:
This table has a dashed border
|
with the RGB value ( 100, 100, 255).
|
Each cell has a ridged border
|
with a hexadecimal color of #FFBD32.
|
This paragraph has a solid border with a color of
"blue".
Border: border-(direction)
If you would like to place a border on only one side of an HTML element, or maybe have a unique look for each side of the border, then use border-(direction). The direction choices are of course: top, right, bottom, and left. CSS allows you to treat each side of a border separately from the other three sides. Each side can have its own color, width, and style set, as shown below.CSS Code:
p { border-bottom-style: dashed ;
border-bottom-color: yellow;
border-bottom-width: 5px; }
h4 { border-top-style: double;
border-top-color: purple;
border-top-width: thick; }
h5 { border-left-style: groove;
border-left-color: green;
border-left-width: 15px;
border-bottom-style: ridge;
border-bottom-color: yellow;
border-bottom-width: 25px; }
Display:
This only has a bottom border
This header has a top only border.
This header has a left and bottom border.
Border: All in One
While it is nice that CSS allows a web developer to be very specific in creating a customized border, sometimes it is just easier and less of a headache to create a uniform border, all in single line of CSS code. Most of the borders you see on Tizag are created in this manner.CSS Code:
p { border: 20px outset blue ;}
h4{ border: 5px solid; }
h5{ border: dotted; }
Display:
This blue, outset border was defined in 1 line of CSS code.
We did not set the border-color for this header, so the default value is used.
This header only had the style defined.
CSS Lists
Lists come in two basic flavors: unordered and ordered. However, CSS allows for more list customization than HTML -- to the extent that even images can be used as bullet points for unordered lists!.CSS List Style Type
If you want to use something different from the default numbering of ordered lists, or the bullets/discs of unordered lists, then all you have to do is choose a different style for your lists. CSS allows you to select from a wide variety of different list item shapes.- Unordered list styles: square, circle, disc (default), and none
- Ordered list styles: upper-alpha, lower-alpha, upper-roman, lower-roman, decimal (default), and none
CSS Code:
ol { list-style-type: upper-roman; }
ul { list-style-type: circle; }
Display:
Here is an ordered list:
- This list is
- using roman
- numerals
- with CSS!
and now an
unordered list:
- This list is
- using circle types
- with CSS!
CSS Lists With Images
As we stated in the introduction, CSS lists allow you to insert an image in place of the normal bullets. A good choice for a bullet image would be one that is smaller than the height of your text and is a relatively simple/plain graphic.CSS Code:
ul { list-style-image: url("listArrow.gif"); }
ol { list-style-image: url("listArrow2.gif"); }
Display:
Here is an unordered list:
- This list is
- using a picture with CSS!
and now an
ordered list:
- This list is
- using a picture
- with CSS!
CSS List Position
With CSS, it is possible to alter the indentation that takes place with your list items. See the example below for the trick of indenting your lists.CSS Code:
ul { list-style-position: inside; }
ol { list-style-position: outside; }
Display:
- This list is using inside positioning so that means the bullets will move inside with the text and it's really easy to see how it's different with multiple lines.
- The bullets
- are inside.
and now an
ordered list:
- This list is using outside positioning and is the default position of bullets.
- These lines
- are just normal.
List: All in One
It is possible to combine the above CSS techniques into one line of CSS. This is useful if you would like to have a list-style-type take the place of your list image, if the image is not able to be loaded.CSS Code:
ul { list-style: upper-roman inside url("http://www.example.com/notHere.gif");}
Display:
- This list's image did
- NOT load correctly
- But because we chose to include
- A CSS list type, we avoided a bland list!
CSS Links ( Pseudo-classes )
Probably the coolest thing about CSS is that it gives you the ability to add effects to your anchor tags, otherwise known as links. In HTML, the only way to add this effect would be to use JavaScript, but with the addition of CSS, JavaScript links can be forgotten.
CSS Anchor/Link States
You may not know it, but a link has
four different states that it can be in. CSS allows you to customize each
state. Please refer to the following keywords that each correspond to one
specific state:
- link - this is a link that has not been used, nor is a mouse pointer hovering over it
- visited - this is a link that has been used before, but has no mouse on it
- hover - this is a link currently has a mouse pointer hovering over it/on it
- active - this is a link that is in the process of being clicked
Using CSS you can make a different
look for each one of these states, but at the end of this lesson we will
suggest a good practice for CSS Links.
CSS Pseudo-Classes
The format for CSS Links is a little
different from what you've seen in this tutorial so far. To modify these four
states, you have to use the following CSS code formatting:
CSS
Code:
a:(STATE'S
NAME) { attribute: value; }
The state's name is the "pseudo
class" that defines how the HTML element should appear, depending on which
state it is in. Below is an example of changing the "link",
"visited", and "hover" state. Note the order that they are
defined, as it is the proper ordering to make a functioning CSS link.
CSS
Code:
a:link
{ color: red; }
a:visited
{ color: red; }
a:hover
{ color: blue; }
HTML
Code:
<a
href="">This is a special CSS Link</a>!
Display:
The states must be defined in the
correct order. Here is the order, starting with the one you must define first:
- link
- visited
- hover
- active
Removing the Default Underline
Throughout Tizag.com you probably
have noticed the different styles that we have for certain links. Our menu's do
not have an underline, unless you are hovering, while the links in our main
content do have underlines. To remove the underline from certain states of a
link, use text-decoration: none.
CSS
Code:
a:link
{ color: red; text-decoration: none; }
a:visited
{ color: red; text-decoration: none; }
a:hover
{ color: blue; }
Display:
Be careful when removing the
underline from your links. Sometimes, the removal of the underline may cause
the link to be indistinguishable from normal text. There is a very small chance
the common visitor will be able to notice that it is a link, if this is the
case. So if you choose to remove the underline, be sure you do something else
to the link to make it stand out.
A Couple of Examples
Below are two examples that use many
forms of CSS to manipulate the states of a hyperlink.
CSS
Code:
a:link
{
color:
white;
background-color:
black;
text-decoration:
none;
border:
2px solid white;
}
a:visited
{
color:
white;
background-color:
black;
text-decoration:
none;
border:
2px solid white;
}
a:hover
{
color:
black;
background-color:
white;
text-decoration:
none;
border:
2px solid black;
}
Display:
CSS
Code:
a:link
{
color:
blue;
background-color:
red;
font-size:
26px;
border:
10px outset blue;
font-family:
sans-serif;
text-transform:
lowercase;
text-decoration:
none;
}
a:visited
{
color:
blue;
background-color:
red;
font-size:
26px;
border:
10px outset blue;
font-family:
sans-serif;
text-transform:
lowercase;
text-decoration:
none;
}
a:hover{
color:
blue;
background-color:
red;
font-size:
27px;
border:
10px inset blue;
font-family:
serif;
text-transform:
uppercase;
text-decoration:
line-through;
letter-spacing:
3px;
word-spacing:
6px;
font-weight:
normal;
}
CSS Mouse Cursor
When using Windows, Linux, or a Macintosh you will have undoubtedly seen many different mouse cursor icons. There is the normal mouse cursor icon that looks like a skewed arrow; the "I" looking icon when selecting text, and some sort of animated logo when the computer is thinking (usually an hourglass).With CSS you can make it so different mouse icons appear when people visit your site. NOTE: You should know that some people find web pages that change mouse cursor icons annoying, so consider that when playing around with this CSS property!
CSS Cursor Icons
In this lesson we will show how to change the mouse cursor icon for a few different HTML elements. Below is a list of the most commonly accepted cursors:- default - Display the normal mouse cursor icon
- wait - The mouse icon to represent the computer "thinking"
- crosshair - A cross hair reticle
- text - An "I" shaped icon that is displayed when selecting text
- pointer - A hand icon that you see when you hover over an HTML link
- help - A question mark (usually)
CSS Cursor Code
Now let's try these puppies out. Here are a few cursor code examples that should help you customize your site.CSS Code:
p { cursor: wait }
h4 { cursor: help }
h5 { cursor: crosshair }
Display:
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